# Mister End Grain

> The reference guide to wood flooring: species, patterns, finishes, makers and installers.

Mister End Grain is a sourced wood flooring reference. Each factual figure (hardness, density, dimensions, moisture ranges) cites a published source listed on its page. Every page is also available as Markdown at the same URL plus `index.md`.

## Species

- [Species index](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/index.md)
- [American cherry](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/american-cherry/index.md): American cherry (Prunus serotina, also called black cherry) is a reddish-brown hardwood with a Janka hardness of 950 lbf (4,230 N), which The Wood Database rates as low. Its heartwood darkens markedly with age and light exposure, and NWFA rates its dimensional stability above average.
- [American red oak](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/american-red-oak/index.md): American red oak is the timber of a group of North American oaks, principally Quercus rubra, and a common solid flooring species. It is a medium-hard wood with open, porous growth rings and fairly high shrinkage, and it is slightly softer than American white oak on every published figure we found. Its colour is often, but not always, pinkish to reddish brown.
- [American white oak](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/american-white-oak/index.md): American white oak is the timber of a group of North American oaks, principally Quercus alba, and, alongside red oak, one of the dominant species in U.S. solid flooring. It is a medium-hard, fairly heavy wood with high shrinkage between the radial and tangential directions, so movement is controlled by how boards are sawn, dried and acclimatised. Its heartwood pores are plugged with tyloses, which sets it apart from red oak.
- [Black walnut](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/black-walnut/index.md): Black walnut (Juglans nigra) is a North American hardwood prized for its dark chocolate-brown heartwood. It is softer than the American oaks and hard maple on published Janka figures, but has comparatively low shrinkage and is described as stable in use. Its colour is the main design variable: pale sapwood, optional steaming and light exposure all change how a floor looks.
- [Bog oak](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/bog-oak/index.md): Bog oak is not a separate species but oak that has lain in peat or river sediment for centuries or millennia, where tannins in the wood react with iron and darken it to brown or near black. The Wood Database lists no hardness figure for it, supply is very limited, and one published test found shrinkage roughly double that of recent oak.
- [Douglas fir](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/douglas-fir/index.md): Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is a softwood from western North America that is not a true fir and has been grown in European plantations since the 1800s. The Wood Database gives it a Janka hardness of 620 lbf (2,760 N), well below common hardwood floor species, so it dents more easily. Moderate shrinkage, a straight grain and a choice between vertical-grain and flat-grain boards are what decide how it behaves on a floor.
- [Elm](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/elm/index.md): Elm is a distinctive European and North American hardwood recognized for its reddish-brown heartwood and interlocked grain, with European species ranging from English elm (Ulmus procera) at 810 lbf (3,620 N) to Wych elm (Ulmus glabra) at 990 lbf (4,400 N) on the Janka hardness scale. While its interlocking grain resists splitting under heavy foot traffic, widespread mortality from Dutch elm disease has made mature elm timber rare and sought-after.
- [European ash](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/european-ash/index.md): European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is a light to medium brown, oak-like hardwood with a Janka hardness of 1,480 lbf (6,580 N), above English oak at 1,120 lbf and close to beech at 1,450 lbf. Its listed shrinkage is lower than beech and a little higher than English oak. Ash dieback is the main supply concern for the species.
- [European beech](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/european-beech/index.md): European beech (Fagus sylvatica) is a pale, fine-grained hardwood with a Janka hardness of 1,450 lbf (6,460 N). It moves a lot with moisture: tangential shrinkage is listed at 11.7% and NWFA's Hardwood Floors Magazine rates its dimensional stability below average. Heat treatment is reported to reduce swelling and shrinkage.
- [European birch](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/birch/index.md): European birch means two closely related trees, silver birch (Betula pendula) and downy birch (Betula pubescens). Silver birch is listed at 1,210 lbf (5,360 N) on the Janka scale and downy birch at an estimated 930 lbf (4,140 N), and both are pale, fine-textured and perishable outdoors. Birch can be hard to stain evenly, and much of it goes into plywood.
- [European larch](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/european-larch/index.md): European larch (Larix decidua) is a deciduous conifer whose heartwood runs from yellow to reddish brown and darkens with light and age. The Wood Database lists it at 740 lbf (3,290 N) on the Janka scale, well below English oak at 1,120 lbf, and describes the wood as moderately durable. Resin, knots and drying behaviour are the main points to check when you choose larch boards.
- [European oak](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/european-oak/index.md): European oak is the timber of two closely related species, Quercus robur and Q. petraea, and it is among the important parquet woods in forest-science guidance. It is a medium-hard, fairly dense wood whose tannins give it durability but also make it react with iron and respond strongly to fuming. How it behaves on a floor depends mainly on how it is sawn, dried and acclimatised.
- [European walnut](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/european-walnut/index.md): European walnut (Juglans regia), also sold as English, French or common walnut, is a brown hardwood with a straight to wavy grain. The Wood Database lists it at 1,220 lbf (5,410 N) on the Janka scale and 640 kg/m³, harder than black walnut at 1,010 lbf. Published sources describe it mainly as a furniture, joinery and veneer timber, and say it can be expensive and sometimes sold only as veneer.
- [Hard maple](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/hard-maple/index.md): Hard maple, mainly sugar maple (Acer saccharum), is a pale, fine-textured North American hardwood and harder than American white oak, red oak and black walnut on The Wood Database figures. It is used in homes and in sports and dance floors, but its shrinkage is high and it can blotch when stained. Soft maple is a different, softer group that AHEC does not recommend for flooring.
- [Hickory](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/hickory/index.md): Hickory is a group of North American Carya species, so any hardness figure depends on which species it refers to: The Wood Database lists shagbark hickory at 1,880 lbf (8,360 N) and other hickories and pecan between 1,820 and 2,140 lbf. Mills traditionally mix pecan and hickory, and the group is ranked among the less stable domestic floor species.
- [Iroko](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/iroko/index.md): Iroko (Milicia excelsa and Milicia regia) is a durable African hardwood with a Janka hardness of 1,190 lbf (5,310 N) and an average dried weight of 660 kg/m³. Its yellow to golden brown heartwood darkens with time, and hard calcium carbonate deposits can blunt cutting edges. It is sometimes sold as African teak, although it is not related to true teak.
- [Jatoba (Brazilian cherry)](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/jatoba/index.md): Jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril) is a very hard, dense South American timber sold for flooring as Brazilian cherry, although it is unrelated to cherry. The Wood Database gives it a Janka hardness of 2,690 lbf (11,950 N) and an average dried weight of 910 kg/m³, and its reddish heartwood darkens with light exposure.
- [Merbau](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/merbau/index.md): Merbau (Intsia bijuga and Intsia palembanica) is an orangey to reddish-brown tropical hardwood with a Janka hardness of 1,840 lbf (7,620 N) and an average dried weight of 815 kg/m³, listed by Tropix as a stable wood used for flooring. Its yellow mineral deposits are water-soluble and can stain, and NGO investigations document illegal logging of merbau in Papua, so origin and paperwork matter.
- [Sapele](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/sapele/index.md): Sapele (Entandrophragma cylindricum) is a golden to dark reddish-brown African hardwood with a Janka hardness of 1,360 lbf (6,060 N) and an average dried weight of 665 kg/m³. Its interlocked grain gives it a striped figure but can cause tearout in machining, and the species is on the IUCN Red List as vulnerable, so check legality and origin before you buy.
- [Scots pine](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/scots-pine/index.md): Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) is a widespread European softwood with pale sapwood and reddish-brown heartwood. The Wood Database lists it at 540 lbf (2,420 N) on the Janka scale, giving a softer surface than European oak at 1,120 lbf. It is a classic traditional choice for painted, oiled or lye-treated floorboards across northern and central Europe.
- [Sweet chestnut](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/sweet-chestnut/index.md): Sweet chestnut is the timber of Castanea sativa, a European hardwood whose heartwood closely resembles oak but is softer and lighter. It is durable and fairly stable, yet rich in tannin, prone to splitting and sometimes damaged by ring shake, so it needs care in grading, fixing and finishing. Sources disagree on a few figures, and both versions are given below.
- [Teak](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/teak/index.md): Teak (Tectona grandis) is a golden to medium brown timber with a Janka hardness of 1,070 lbf (4,740 N) and lower shrinkage than European oak. Sourcing needs care: natural teak forests exist in only four countries, and under EU sanctions on Myanmar Timber Enterprise, timber exported from Myanmar is regarded as illegal under the EU Timber Regulation.
- [Zambezi teak](https://www.misterendgrain.com/species/zambezi-teak/index.md): Zambezi teak (Baikiaea plurijuga), also called Rhodesian teak, is a legume from southern Africa and not a true teak. The Wood Database gives it a Janka hardness of 2,990 lbf (13,300 N) and a density of 890 kg/m³ at 12% moisture content, and PROTA describes it as particularly suitable for heavy flooring.

## Flooring types

- [Flooring types index](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/index.md)
- [Charred wood (shou sugi ban) flooring](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/charred-wood-shou-sugi-ban/index.md): Charred wood, called yakisugi or shou sugi ban, is timber whose surface has been deliberately burnt to a black char layer, a technique used in Japan for centuries. Published tests give a mixed picture: a US Forest Products Laboratory study found no systematic improvement in flammability or durability of commercial siding, while a small Latvian study found better fire performance when the char was left in place. On a floor, the char layer is thin and soft, so interior products are sealed with a varnish or similar finish.
- [Chevron wood flooring (point de Hongrie)](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/chevron/index.md): Chevron flooring has both ends of each board cut at an angle, commonly 45 degrees, so the boards meet in a continuous point. In French it is called parquet en point de Hongrie. Herringbone, by contrast, uses square ends meeting at right angles.
- [End-grain wood block flooring](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/end-grain/index.md): End-grain flooring is made of wood blocks set so that the ends of the growth rings face up, which shows the cut-across pattern of the tree. It has been used as a heavy industrial floor and is now also made as thin blocks bonded to a backing for homes. It moves across the block but hardly at all in thickness, and it is glued down with gaps allowed for swelling.
- [Engineered wood flooring](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/engineered-wood/index.md): Engineered wood flooring is real wood made from several bonded layers, with a wood wear layer on top that sets the appearance. Finished thickness runs from 3/8 in to 3/4 in in NWFA guidance, and the wear layer thickness decides how often it can be refinished. In Europe it falls under EN 13489.
- [Herringbone wood flooring](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/herringbone/index.md): Herringbone is a parquet pattern in which rectangular pieces with square ends meet at right angles to form a broken zigzag. Because the pattern is directional, boards are supplied as mirror-image left and right pieces. In French it is called parquet à bâtons rompus, and it is easy to confuse with chevron, which has mitred ends.
- [Industrial wood block flooring](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/wood-block-industrial/index.md): Industrial wood block flooring consists of solid timber blocks oriented with their end grain facing upwards to absorb severe mechanical impacts, rolling vehicle traffic and heavy machinery loads. Standardised in Germany under DIN 68702 as Holzpflaster GE, individual block heights range from 50 mm to 100 mm, commonly milled from pine, spruce or oak. It provides exceptional shock absorption, acoustic damping and long-term durability in workshops, foundries and industrial facilities.
- [Mosaic parquet](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/mosaic-parquet/index.md): Mosaic parquet is a traditional solid wood flooring format composed of small, slim finger slats—typically 8 mm thick, 22.8 mm wide, and 160 mm long—assembled into square panels or geometric laying units. Standardised in Europe under EN 13488, it is glued directly to the subfloor with full-surface adhesive, sanded, and finished on site. Its compact 8 mm solid profile provides exceptional stability, low thermal resistance, and repeated renovation cycles.
- [Parquet de Versailles panels](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/versailles-panels/index.md): Parquet de Versailles is a floor of pre-assembled square panels of oak, taking its name from the Château de Versailles. Parquet laid in large quantities there under Louis XIV was widely copied across Europe. Traditional panels are jointed with tenons and mortises inside a frame, while modern versions are often engineered.
- [Point de Hongrie (Hungarian point) parquet](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/hungarian-point/index.md): Point de Hongrie, or Hungarian point, is the French name for a parquet whose blades are laid like bâtons rompus but with their ends cut on the mitre, so they meet in unbroken zigzags. The cut is commonly about 45 degrees. English-speaking trades usually call the same layout chevron.
- [Reclaimed wood flooring](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/reclaimed-wood/index.md): Reclaimed wood flooring is made from timber taken from an earlier use, such as old buildings, and milled into floorboards. The NWFA says there is no grading standard for it, so appearance is agreed between buyer and supplier. Hidden nails, old paint and brittle wood are the main checks.
- [Smoked and fumed oak flooring](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/smoked-and-fumed-oak/index.md): Smoked or fumed oak is oak darkened by exposure to ammonia vapour, which reacts with the tannins in the wood and turns it brown. It is a chemical colour change inside the wood, not a pigment on top, but how deep it goes depends on the process, so ask a maker whether a floor is darkened through its whole thickness. Fuming itself is hazardous and is an industrial or workshop process, not a job for a home.
- [Solid wood flooring](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/solid-wood/index.md): Solid wood flooring is made of boards cut from one piece of timber, top to bottom, so it can be sanded and refinished many times. In the United States ¾ in is the most common thickness. It suits rooms on or above ground, and it needs a stable indoor climate, particularly over underfloor heating.
- [Wide plank wood flooring](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/wide-plank/index.md): In US industry guidance, wide plank flooring is any solid or engineered plank wider than 5 in; a UK supplier uses 180 mm and above. Wide boards move more with humidity than narrow ones of the same species and cut, so installation guidance favours glue-assisted fixing and a controlled indoor climate.
- [Wood flooring grades](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/wood-grades/index.md): A wood flooring grade describes appearance, not strength. In the United States, the NWFA/NOFMA standard grades unfinished oak as Clear, Select, No. 1 Common and No. 2 Common, from the most uniform to the most characterful, and states that appearance alone determines the grade. Prefinished and European floors use makers' own names such as Rustic, so a grade on one brand's sheet is not a guaranteed match for the same word on another's.
- [Wood stairs and nosings](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/wood-stairs-and-nosings/index.md): A wooden stair is built from treads (the part you step on), risers (the vertical face) and nosings (the protruding front edge of a tread). In England, Approved Document K sets a private stair at a 150 to 220 mm rise and a 220 to 300 mm going, with a maximum pitch of 42 degrees. Flooring can be fitted to stairs as solid treads, overlay treads or nosing profiles, and the EU's fire classes for wood floors also apply to steps of stairs.
- [Wood wall panelling](https://www.misterendgrain.com/flooring/wood-wall-panelling/index.md): Wood wall panelling is timber boards or panels fixed to a wall as a lining. In the EU, solid wood panelling and cladding of at least 390 kg/m³ is listed in a Commission Decision as class D-s2,d0 or D-s2,d2, depending on thickness, joints and what sits behind it. That is a different table from the one used for floors, so a floor-grade product used as a wall panel needs its own check. Wood also swells and shrinks with humidity, mostly across the growth rings.

## Guides

- [Guides index](https://www.misterendgrain.com/guides/index.md)
- [Caring for an end-grain wood block floor](https://www.misterendgrain.com/guides/end-grain-floor-care/index.md): Care for an end-grain floor as you would any wood floor, with frequent dry cleaning, a barely damp mop and the finish maker's products, but be stricter about water because the exposed block ends take up liquid fastest. Keep the room's humidity steady, because the floor swells and shrinks across each block, and follow the block maker's instructions for oiling, joint filling and sanding.
- [Cleaning and maintenance](https://www.misterendgrain.com/guides/cleaning-and-maintenance/index.md): Care for a wood floor with daily dry sweeping or dust mopping, vacuuming with the hard-floor setting, a well wrung-out damp mop and a cleaner approved for your finish. Oiled floors are refreshed with maintenance oil; lacquered floors are renewed by a light sand and a fresh coat. Avoid steam, wet mops, vinegar and polish products, and keep indoor humidity steady.
- [Engineered vs solid wood flooring](https://www.misterendgrain.com/guides/engineered-vs-solid-wood/index.md): Choosing between solid and engineered wood flooring depends on subfloor conditions, heating systems and expected lifespan. The National Wood Flooring Association defines solid wood as one continuous piece from top to bottom, whereas engineered wood consists of multiple cross-bonded timber layers topped with a real wood wear layer. Solid wood allows more frequent sanding cycles, while engineered wood provides greater dimensional stability against relative humidity swings.
- [Fire and slip ratings for wood floors](https://www.misterendgrain.com/guides/fire-and-slip-ratings/index.md): In Europe a wood floor's reaction to fire is given as a class from Afl to Ffl; most coated wood floors are Cfl-s1 or Dfl-s1, which depends on thickness, density, coating and what the floor sits on. The EU lists generic constructions that need no testing. Slip resistance is a separate property: the UK Health and Safety Executive prefers the pendulum test, where a value of 36 or more means low slip potential, and warns that German R-classes such as R9 are slippery when wet.
- [Herringbone vs chevron flooring](https://www.misterendgrain.com/guides/herringbone-vs-chevron/index.md): The fundamental distinction between herringbone and chevron parquet lies in how the board ends are cut and meet: herringbone uses rectangular boards laid end-to-side at 90° angles to form a staggered broken zig-zag (bâtons rompus), while chevron uses boards with ends mitred at 45° or 60° angles that meet point-to-point along a continuous straight central axis (point de Hongrie). Chevron requires higher cutting precision and typically incurs 10% to 15% timber waste during installation, compared with 5% to 8% for classic herringbone.
- [Janka hardness explained](https://www.misterendgrain.com/guides/janka-hardness-explained/index.md): The Janka rating is the load needed to push an 11.28 mm (0.444 in) steel ball into wood to half its diameter, quoted in pounds-force (lbf) or newtons (N). Published values are usually side hardness at 12% moisture content. It indicates resistance to denting, not abrasion, and Europe's flooring standard EN 1534 tests resistance to indentation, a method with Brinell origins.
- [Moisture and acclimatisation](https://www.misterendgrain.com/guides/moisture-and-acclimatisation/index.md): Wood settles at an equilibrium moisture content set by the surrounding relative humidity, roughly 6% at 30% RH and 9% at 50% RH at room temperature. Installers check room conditions, the floor's moisture content and the subfloor before laying; NWFA allows immediate installation when all three already match, while some makers, such as Junckers, tell you not to acclimatise on site at all.
- [Sanding and refinishing](https://www.misterendgrain.com/guides/sanding-and-refinishing/index.md): Solid wood floors can be sanded and refinished numerous times, while engineered floors can be sanded only as often as their wear layer allows: from once to about four times, depending on the maker. Sand when the finish is worn through or the surface is damaged, not for dullness, which needs only a maintenance coat. Work through grits in sequence, and control dust with extraction and a suitable respirator.
- [Usage classes 21 to 34 for wood floors](https://www.misterendgrain.com/guides/usage-classes-en-685/index.md): Usage classes are two-digit codes that rate a floor covering for an intensity of use: the tens digit gives the setting (2 domestic, 3 commercial, 4 light industrial) and the units digit the traffic (1 moderate to 4 very heavy). They come from EN 685 and the related ISO 10874 (EN ISO 10874). For parquet, France's XP B 53-669 gives each wood floor a class from its wear-layer thickness and the hardness class of its species. A class on a data sheet is a maker's claim, so ask which method and edition produced it.
- [Wood floor finishes](https://www.misterendgrain.com/guides/wood-floor-finishes/index.md): Wood floor finishes fall into two families: penetrating oils and hardwax oils, which keep the natural surface and are easy to spot-repair, and film-forming lacquers, which resist wear and dirt better but need sanding to renew. Factory UV-cured finishes harden instantly and let you walk on the floor at once. Colour treatments such as fuming, smoking and staining change the wood itself and are chosen separately from the protective finish.
- [Wood floor installation methods](https://www.misterendgrain.com/guides/installation-methods/index.md): Wood floors are fixed in three main ways: nailed or stapled to a wood subfloor, glued to the subfloor, or floated on an underlay. NWFA says only engineered flooring should normally be floated, while solid boards are nailed or glued, though some makers such as Junckers approve clip-floated solid boards. Every method needs a sound, flat, tested-dry subfloor and an expansion gap at the walls.
- [Wood flooring and underfloor heating](https://www.misterendgrain.com/guides/underfloor-heating/index.md): Most wood flooring can go over underfloor heating if the surface temperature is capped, usually at 27 °C (80 °F), the whole build-up stays low in thermal resistance, and the room humidity is controlled. Stable formats and species, such as engineered boards, narrow or quartersawn boards and walnut or cherry, cope best. Always follow the floor maker's approval for the specific heating system.
- [Wood flooring standards](https://www.misterendgrain.com/guides/flooring-standards/index.md): In Europe, product standards from CEN define each type of wood floor: EN 13226 for solid parquet elements, EN 13629 for solid boards, EN 13489 for multi-layer parquet, with EN 14342 covering characteristics, conformity and marking, and EN 1534 the indentation test. In the US, NWFA publishes installation guidelines, and in France the NF DTU 51 series covers installation. Descriptions here follow each publisher's own scope text.

## Manufacturers

- [Manufacturers index](https://www.misterendgrain.com/manufacturers/index.md)
- [Admonter](https://www.misterendgrain.com/manufacturers/admonter/index.md): Admonter is an Austrian natural wood flooring brand operated by Admonter Holzindustrie AG in Admont, Styria, rooted in the regional woodworking traditions of the Benedictine Admont Abbey. Its range specialises in high-precision three-layer solid wood flooring with balanced 3.6 mm top and back layers, wide plank formats, herringbone patterns and Austrian Ecolabel certification.
- [Bauwerk Parkett](https://www.misterendgrain.com/manufacturers/bauwerk/index.md): Bauwerk Parkett is a Swiss parquet brand whose own site traces its history to the invention of solid parquet in 1935. Its range covers 1-strip planks, creative patterned parquet, strip parquet and solid parquet, with the company reporting a Parquet Finder of over 400 products.
- [BOEN](https://www.misterendgrain.com/manufacturers/boen/index.md): BOEN is a real wood flooring brand whose own history page dates its origins to two sawmills at the BOEN waterfall in southern Norway in 1641. Its parquet range is split into Exquisite, Planks, Longstrip and 1-Strip collections, in 3-layer and 2-layer constructions.
- [Dinesen](https://www.misterendgrain.com/manufacturers/dinesen/index.md): Dinesen is a family-run Danish company founded in 1898 as Jels Savværk in South Jutland, where it still produces its floor planks. Its range covers solid plank floors in Douglas, oak, HeartOak, ash and pine, plus engineered floors and pattern floors.
- [Havwoods](https://www.misterendgrain.com/manufacturers/havwoods/index.md): Havwoods is a UK wood flooring and surfaces company that dates its activity to 1975, with its head office in Carnforth, Lancashire. Its site lists oak, walnut, Douglas fir and bog oak, in plank, herringbone, chevron and Versailles formats.
- [Junckers](https://www.misterendgrain.com/manufacturers/junckers/index.md): Junckers is a Danish manufacturer of solid wood flooring for sports, residential and commercial use, founded in 1930 and based in Køge. Its own pages name beech, oak, ash and maple, and list PEFC and FSC chain-of-custody certificates.
- [Kährs](https://www.misterendgrain.com/manufacturers/kahrs/index.md): Kährs states that it was founded in 1857 in Nybro, in southern Sweden, and today makes engineered wood floors alongside veneer, LVT and resilient flooring. The company's wood range is described in oak, ash and walnut, with oiled and lacquered finishes.
- [Mafi](https://www.misterendgrain.com/manufacturers/mafi/index.md): Mafi is an Austrian manufacturer of premium natural wood flooring operated by mafi Naturholzboden GmbH in Schneegattern, Upper Austria. The maker specializes in a signature symmetrical three-layer construction using the same timber species on the face and backing layer with a transverse conifer core, naturally finished with air-dried plant oils and chemical-free thermal treatments.
- [OscarOno Paris](https://www.misterendgrain.com/manufacturers/oscarono-paris/index.md): OscarOno Paris is a Paris-based maker of architectural wood surfaces and end-grain oak flooring, active since 2002 according to its own site. Its collections include Cube end-grain oak, Hongrie chevron and Rompu herringbone in oak, and Réserve in Zambezi teak.

## Installers

- [Installers index](https://www.misterendgrain.com/installers/index.md)
- [Wood flooring installers in London](https://www.misterendgrain.com/installers/london/index.md): Fitting or restoring a hardwood floor across Greater London requires understanding Victorian suspended joist structures, acoustic requirements in multi-occupancy leaseholds, and subfloor moisture in concrete extensions. In the United Kingdom, professional installations are benchmarked against British Standard BS 8201:2011 for wood and wood-based flooring panels. Below is our directory of verified London wood flooring specialists that publish workshops, showrooms, and registered business premises across the capital.
- [Wood flooring installers in Paris](https://www.misterendgrain.com/installers/paris/index.md): Finding a qualified wood flooring installer (parqueteur) in Paris requires navigating Haussmannian structural joists, plaster subfloors and acoustic regulations. Professional installations in France are governed by NF DTU 51.1 for nailed floors and NF DTU 51.2 for glued floors. Below is our directory of verified Parisian flooring businesses that maintain published addresses and workshops across the capital.

## Reference

- [Wood flooring hardness chart](https://www.misterendgrain.com/hardness-chart/index.md): Janka hardness of flooring species in lbf and newtons, ranked and sortable, with each figure linked to the species page that cites its source. CSV download.
- [About Mister End Grain](https://www.misterendgrain.com/about/index.md): What Mister End Grain is, what it covers, how its wood flooring content is researched and sourced, and how to suggest corrections or new listings.
- [Contact](https://www.misterendgrain.com/contact/index.md): Contact Mister End Grain to report a correction, request a manufacturer or installer listing, or ask about reusing our wood flooring data and hardness chart.
- [Editorial policy](https://www.misterendgrain.com/editorial-policy/index.md): How Mister End Grain researches, cites and updates its wood flooring content, chooses sources and photos, handles corrections and links to companies.
- [Wood flooring glossary](https://www.misterendgrain.com/glossary/index.md): An A–Z glossary of wood flooring terms, from acclimatisation and Janka hardness to herringbone, quarter-sawn and wear layer, with cited definitions.
- [Legal notice](https://www.misterendgrain.com/legal/index.md): Publisher, publication director, contact and hosting information for the Mister End Grain website, plus intellectual property and image licence notices.
- [Privacy policy](https://www.misterendgrain.com/privacy/index.md): How Mister End Grain uses PostHog analytics, what it records, what cookies or local storage it may set, and how to contact us about your data.

## Optional

- [Janka hardness data (CSV)](https://www.misterendgrain.com/hardness-chart/janka.csv)
- [Full text of every page](https://www.misterendgrain.com/llms-full.txt)